موسوعة القانون الدولي 1 مبادئ القانون الدولي العام
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يَعْتَقِدُ فُقَهَاءُ القَانُونِ الدُّوَلِيِّ الْمُعَاصِر بِأَنَّ جُذُورَ هَذَا القَانُونَ تَعُودُ إِلَى تَطْبِيقَاتِ الدُّوَل الْغَرْبِيَّةِ الَّتِي لَهَا الْفَضْلُ فِي وَضْعِ القَوَاعِدِ الْحَالِيَّةِ، وَأَنَّ قَوَاعِدَهُ مُصْطَبغةٌ بِالدِّيَانَةِ الْمَسِيحِيَّةِ. وَقَدْ تَطَوَّرتْ هَذِهِ القَوَاعِد إِلَى أَنْ وَصَلَتْ إِلَى شَكلِهَا الْحَالِيِّ. وَإِذَا مَا تَتَبَّعْنَا جُذُورَ القَانُونِ الدَّوْلَيِّ، فَمِنَ الْمُؤَكَّدِ أنَّهَا ظَهَرَتْ عِنْدَمَا ظَهَرَتْ أَوَّل دَوْلَتَينِ فِي التَّارِيخِ الإِنْسَانِيِّ ونَشَأَت بَيْنَهُمَا عِلاَقَات سلْمِيَّة، أَوْ عِلاَقَات حَرْب. فالعِلاَقَاتُ السِّلْمِيَّةُ والحَرْبِيَّةُ بَيْنَهُمَا تُعَدُ هِيَ الجُذُور الأُولَى لِلْقَانُونِ الدُّوَلِيِّ سَوَاء أَكَانَتْ مَكْتُوبَةً أَمْ عُرْفِيَّةً. وَالْبَحْثُ فِي جُذُورِ القَانُونِ الدَّوْلَيِّ، يتَطَلّبُ مَعْرِفَةَ ظُهُور أَوَّلَ دَوْلَتَينِ فِي التَّارِيخِ الْبَشَرِيِّ. وَلَيْسَ مِنْ شَكِ، بِأَنَّ أَوَّلَ ظُهُور لِلدَّوْلَةِ، كَانَ فِي الْوَطَنِ العَرَبِيِّ مُنْذُ آلافِ السِّنِينَ، سَوَاء أَكَانَ بِشَكْل دَوْلَةٍ مُنَظَّمَةٍ قَائِمَةٍ بِذَاتِهَا، كالْحَضَارَةِ السُومَريِّةِ والْبَابِلِيَّةِ والْآشُورِيّةِ والْفِرْعَوْنِيَّةِ والحميريَّةِ والقتبانِيَّةِ والسَبئيَّةِ، أَمْ بِشَكْلِ كِياناتٍ سِيَاسِيَّةٍ وَقَانُونِيَّةٍ مُسْتَقِلَّةٍ كالْقَبَائِلِ وَالْمُدُنِ الْكَبِيرَةِ الحَصِينَةِ. وَمِنَ الثَّابِتِ بِأَنّ عِلاَقَاتٍِ مُتَنَوعةً قَامَتْ بَيْنَ الكِيَانَاتِ الْمُعَاصِرَةِ مَعَ بَعْضِهَا كَالأَحَْلافِ والعِلاَقَاتِ التِّجَارِيَّةِ، أَوِ الْحَروبِ، مِمَّا شَكلتْ قَوَاعِدَ تَعَارَفَتْ عَلَيْهَا بِصَرْفِ النَّظَرِ عَنْ طَبِيعَةِ هَذِهِ القَوَاعِدِ وعَدَالَتِها، سَوَاءً أَكَانَ فِي حَالَةِ السِّلْمِ أَمْ فِي حَالَةِ الحَرْبِ. فَالقَانُونُ الدُّوَلِيِّ يُنَظِمُ حَالَةَ الحَرْبِ كَمَا يُنَظمُ حَالَةَ السِّلْمِ. وَشَهدَ العَرَبُ فِي العَصْرِ الإِسْلاَمِيِّ، أَوَّل مَفْهُومٍ لِلدَّوْلَةِ عَاصِمَتها المَدِينَة، فِي الحِجازِ، وَتَلتهَا الكُوفَةُ فِي الْعِرَاقِ، ثُمَّ دِمَشْقَ فِي العَهْدِ الأموِيِّ، وَبَغدَادَ فِي العَهْدِ العَباسِي، وإسْطَنبُولَ فِي العَهْدِ الْعُثْمَانِيِّ. وَقَدْ قَامَتْ عِلاَقَاتٌ مُتَطُورةٌ بَيْنَ الدُّوَل الإِسْلاَمِيَّةِ فِيمَا بَيْنَهَا، وَبَيْنَهَا وَبَيْنَ الدُّوَل الأُخْرَى، فِي حَالتِي السِّلْمِ والْحَرْبِ. وَيُمْكِنُ القُولِ إنَّ العَهْدِ الإِسْلاَمِيِّ طَبقَ أرفَعَ القَوَاعِدِ القَانُونِيَّةِ الدُّوَلِيِّةِ الْقَائِمَةِ عَلَى الفَضِيلَةِ وَالإِنْسَانِيَّةِ بِشَكْلٍ لَمْ تألفهَا الدُّوَل الَّتِي سَبَقتْ الإِسْلاَمَ، أَوْ عَاصَرتهُ أَوْ جَاءَتْ بَعدهُ. وَقَدْ أُطْلِقَ عَلَى هَذِهِ القَوَاعِدِ بالسِّيَرِ والْمَغَازِي، الَّتِي نَظّمتْ القَوَاعِدَ الَّتِي تُطَبَقُ فِي وَقْتَي السِّلْمِ وَالْحَرْبِ. والجَدِيرُ بالذِكرِ، أَنّ تَسْمِيَةَ القَانُونِ الدُّوَلِيِّ الْعَام، تَسْمِيَةٌ حَدِيثُهٌ. فَلاَ يُوجَدُ حَتَّى الوَقْتِ الحَاضِرِ قَانُونٌ اسْمهُ القَانُونِ الدُّوَلِيِّ الْعَامِّ، كَمَا هُوَ الحَالُ بِالنِّسْبَةِ لِلْقَانُونِ الْمَدَنِيِّ والْجِنَائيِّ والإداري، فَتَسْمٍيَةُ القَانُونِ الدُّوَلِيِّ الْعَامِّ، تَسْمِيَةٌ وَهْميَةٌ تُطلَقُ عَلَى مَجْمُوعِةِ مِنَ المُعَاهَدَاتِ وَالعُرْفِ الدُّوَلِيِّ الَّتِي تَنْظِمُ العِلاَقَاتَ الدُّوَلِيَّةَ. وَعَلَى الرَغمِ مِنْ إيمَاننَا المُطْلَقُ، بِأَنَّ القَوَاعِد الَّتِي طَبقَتهَا الدَّوْلَةُ الإِسْلاَمِيَّةُ عَلَى مَرِ التَّارِيخِ قَوَاعِد سَمَاوِيَّة لا يُمْكِن مُقَارَنَتهَا مَعَ القَوَاعِدِ الْوَضْعِيَّةِ، إِلا أننَا سَنُحَاولُ إبرَازَ الجَوانبِ الَّتِي غَفلَ عَنْهَا الفِقْهُ الْغَرْبِيُّ، لِكِي نَثْبتُ أَنّ مَا طَبّقَهُ المُسْلِمُونَ مِنْ قَوَاعِدَ قَانُونِيَّة دُوَلِيَّة تَفُوقُ كَثِيراً القَوَاعِدَ الْمُطَبقَةِ حَالياً، عَدَالَةً وَاتِسَاعاً وَشُمُولاً. وَأَنَّ العَدِيدَ مَنَ القَوَاعِدِ الإِنْسَانِيَّةِ الْقَائِمَةِ عَلَى العَدَالَةِ فِي الوَقْتِ الحَاضِرِ كَانَ مَردهَا وَمَرجُعهَا الشَّرِيعَةَ الإِسْلاَمِيَّةَ. وَأَنَّ القَوَاعِدَ الْقَائِمَةَ عَلَى الاحْتلالِ وَالتَدِميرِ كَانَ مَرَدهَا وَمَرجَعهَا التَّطْبِيقاتِ الَّتِي وَضَعتهَا الدُّوَل الْغَرْبِيَّةُ. فَإِذَا كَانَتْ الدُّوَل تَقيمُ عِلاقَاتهَا الدُّوَلِيِّةِ عَلَى أَسَاسِ المَصَالِح الاقْتِصادِيَّةِ، فَإِنَّ الإِسْلاَمَ، أَقَامَ عِلاَقَاتهِ الدُّوَلِيِّةِ عَلَى أَسُس إِنْسَانِيَّة وأخلاقيِّة، هَدَفهَا تَقُويمُ الشَخْصِيَّةَ الإِنْسَانِيَّةَ وَتَنقِيتهَا مَنْ بَراثنِ الْعُبُودِيَّةِ والتَسلطِ والامتِهَانِ، وتَحْرِيرِ الإنْسَانِ مِنْ بَرَاثنِ الظُّلْمِ مِنْ أيةِ جِهة كَانَتْ، بِمَا فِيهَا تَخليصُ الإِنْسَانِ مَنَ الظُّلْمِ الَّذِي يُمَارسَهُ ضِدَّ نَفْسَهِ. وَيَنْبَغِي الإدرَاكُ مُقَدَماً، أَنَّ الإِسْلاَمَ كُلُّهُ قَوَاعِد شَرْعِيَّةٍ لِتَنْظِيمِ عَلاقَةَ الإنْسَانِ بِرَبهِ، يُطْلَقُ عَلَيْهَا بِالعبَاداتِ، وقَوَاعِدُ تَنَظِيم عَلاقَة الإِنْسَانِ بالإنْسَانِ، يُطْلَقُ عَلَيْهَا الْمُعَامَلاتِ، وَقَوَاعِدُ تَتَعلقُ بالإنْسَانِ ذَاتهِ، تُنَظمُ سُلوكَهُ، يُطْلَقُ عَلَيْهَا بالأَخْلاَقِ. وَهَذِهِ القَوَاعِدُ تَنأى مِنْ أَنْ يَتَقبَلهَا الْبَشَرُ بِالْقُوَّةِ، أَوِ بالسِيفِ، بَلْ تَتَطلبُ تَفتِيتَ مَنْظُومَة التَّعَصُّبِ وَالتَّخَلُّفِ والْجَهْلِ وَالْعِزَّةِ بِالإثْمِ. والدُّخُولُ مِنْ هَذَا المَدخلِ يتَطَلّبُ الأمْنَ وَالاسْتِقْرَارَ وَمُحَاكَاةُ العَقْلِ الْبَشَرِيِّ، لاقْتِلاعِ الشَّرِّ مِنْ جِذُورهِ، وَغَرس الإِيْمَان والتَقوى. وَهَذَا مَا يَتنَاقَضُ مَعَ الْقُوَّةِ والفَرضِ. فَالأفْكَارُ لا تُفرضُ عَلَى الْبشَرِ. وَعَلَى الرَّغمِ مِنْ اخْتِلافِ الظُّرُوفِ والتَطَورَاتِ العِلمِيَّةِ الَّتِي يَشْهدُهَا العَالمُ فِي الوَقْتِ الحَاضِرِ، فَإننَا سَنَتَبعُ المَنهَجَ وَالتَبُويب الَّذِي يَتَبعهُ فُقَهَاءُ القَانُونِ الدُّوَلِيِّ الْمُعَاصِر، فِي شَرحِ القَانُونِ الدُّوَلِيِّ الْعَامِّ، بِمَا يُقَابِلهُ فِي الشَّرِيعَةِ الإِسْلاَمِيَّةِ. لندركَ بِشَكْلٍ وَاضِحٍ الفَرقَ الشَاسعَ بَيْنَ مَا جَاءَتْ بِهِ الشَّرِيعَةُ الإِسْلاَمِيَّةُ مَنَ أَحْكَام تَفصِيليِّةٍ، قَائِمَة عَلَى القِيمِ وَالأَخْلاَقِ الإِنْسَانِيَّةِ، وَبَيْنَ مَا جَاء بِهِ القَانُونُ الدُّوَلِيِّ الْمُعَاصِرُ الْقَائِمَ عَلَى المَصْلَحَةِ والمَنفَعةِ الذَاتِيِّةِ. وَكَمَا يُنَظمُ الفِقْهُ الدُّوَلِيِّ الْمُعَاصِرُ مَبَادِئ القَانُونِ الدُّوَلِيِّ الْعَامِّ، سَنَبدَأ بِتَعْرِيفِ القَانُونِ الإِسْلاَمِيِّ الدُّوَلِيِّ ومَصَادِرِهِ الأَصْلِيَّةِ والمُشْتَقةِ وَالمُسَاعِدةِ كَمَا تَنَاوَلهَا ذَلِكَ شُرّاحُ القَانُونِ الدُّوَلِيِّ الْمُعَاصِرِ.
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“You need to be a superb clean and jerker and snatcher to drag this movement off, so it really isn’t for beginners,” he says.
One Other side we see with high-rep snatches is the next hip place throughout
the movement, with the shoulders extra aggressively
over the bar. This permits the athlete to save some time by not
resetting each time into the low-butt, high-chest position that’s common with heavy snatches.
From this traditional power snatch, we will start tweaking it
and working on completely different strategies and
strategies that can be utilized to shave seconds from WOD
occasions. The squat snatch is a extremely technical and highly effective motion that could additionally be a staple in CrossFit
and Olympic weightlifting.
They’re one of the primary movers of knee flexion and extension, which is
the chief mechanic in squats. What is the Most Typical Problem When Squat Snatching?
A widespread downside when squat snatching is an early arm bend,
which can cut back the power of the raise.
This is ok for individuals learning the movement to catch within the quarter
squat after which journey the motion down into the opening.
One of crucial features behind educating a development
is the aim of getting the athlete to understand the method.
When somebody first starts beginning and learning to snatch they’ve zero clue of what goes into it.
In Olympic weightlifting and strength coaching there’s
a commonplace form of writing deliberate load. Coach give a prescribtion that athletes need to do on the each coaching in particular
means. Pick up an empty barbell (or a PVC pipe) and apply shifting very little weight with good form.
“It’s tough, positive, but that is a half of what makes it so rewarding.”
Spend some time in the bottom of an overhead squat with a skinny band overhead.
Get cozy in the backside position, and whereas you’re down there perform pull aside
to activate the tissues across the shoulder and scap. Most folks have a
strong side and weak facet, so single-arm actions may help
even issues out, explains Wickham. Throughout bilateral actions such as the barbell snatch, the stronger
facet can compensate for the weaker side, which really
prevents the weaker arm from getting stronger, he says.
Once you feel assured with the movement, do that 15-minute
CrossFit partner exercise, which features the
dumbbell snatch. E. When the dumbbell passes chest
top, drop under the load to land in 1 / 4 squat, elbow utterly locked out.
D. As the dumbbell passes hip top, explosively lengthen hips whereas shrugging shoulder up towards ear.
C. Straighten legs while pulling the dumbbell off the bottom, up along the entrance of the physique.
E. When the barbell brushes in opposition to mid-thighs, drive hips ahead (allowing ft to depart the ground).
In CrossFit competitions, we aren’t seeing a strong correlation between the completion instances for high-rep snatch and clear exercises and the efficient use of traditional
strategies. Some of the fastest instances come with “great approach,” but many do not.
The snatch variation that you will see most often in CrossFit?
“You can energy snatch or squat snatch a barbell,” says Milgram.
Lumbar curve is maintained as the athlete passes by way of a positioning pull and involves full extension, all of the whereas creating velocity and elevation on the bar.
The athlete then quickly changes course to obtain the bar in an overhead-squat place.
You can spend a lifetime training this motion and by no means perfect
it, but that alone is no cause to keep away from placing this text down proper now
and making an attempt a couple of reps with a broomstick in your garage.
Practice the squat snatch regularly, and don’t be afraid to appear to be a beginner on this motion.
Catch the bell in order that it’s resting alongside the
right forearm. D. Concurrently pull the bell straight up along the front of the physique while explosively opening hips and knees
to stand. B. Reaching proper arm straight down,
hinge hips again and bend at knees right
into a squat. We want to put athletes proper into the fire so they
can slowly understand. And no means are they maxing out this day and even the
first month or doubtlessly the first 12 months.
Often, it is faster to go for 2 sets of 3-2 than attempting to go unbroken, fail on final
rep and then resting longer as you have to recuperate from that failed rep.
Snatches are distinctive as a end result of they
use muscle tissue all over the physique.
The muscular tissues that work hardest during a snatch are the quadriceps, deltoids,
trapezius, and glutes. Dane Miller is the proprietor and
founding father of Storage Strength Sports Activities Performance.
He works with a choose handful of purchasers on constructing complete packages for
fitness and nutrition. Several occasions a 12 months he leads a workshop for coaches, trainers, and fitness fanatics.
A lateral squat movement that deeply engages the internal thighs and promotes
hip mobility.
Prior to the workout, I spoke to Greg about a
few of the other ways to do the work, and he decided to
experiment. He was continuously in entrance of me, so I was able to watch
him muscle-snatch most of the reps in the early rounds, and
then at reps 10 and above on the later rounds, he
transitioned to an influence snatch. The deadlift also usually has extra carryover into “real-life” movements, too.
Think about how usually you bend over to choose up one thing heavy off the ground, like your groceries.
The deadlift trains us for more day-to-day actions you wouldn’t
sometimes think of as exertions of power. “Welcome to the gym equivalent of Godzilla vs. King Kong,” says Ebenezer Samuel, C.S.C.S., MH fitness director.
F) End the movement by straightening knees and hips totally before initiating one other repetition. “Anyone who’s keen to put within the work to study the snatch can reap the mobility and energy benefits of the second,” he says.
Arguably the most technical motion in CrossFit, the snatch
requires slightly finesse to drag (pun absolutely intended!) off.
CrossFitters are actually excited about explosive energy and pace and will train low-rep Oly lifts.
But true general physical preparedness (GPP) requires that we not pursue them to the
exclusion of the other domains of fitness. Including high-rep snatch (and
clean) exercises has a broader aim than training only power and speed.
Once you nail the power snatch broken down above, you’ll have the ability to attempt the barbell squat snatch.
For the squat snatch, somewhat than catching the barbell overhead with your legs in a quarter squat,
you will catch it in the bottom of your squat, after which press the bar
overhead whilst you rise up. It is often thought
that optimum method for 1RM work and high-rep work is identical.
Nicely, perhaps not, or perhaps it’s extra
correct to say that maybe the physics are completely different at light masses.
At the 2009 Rocky Mountain Regional Skip Miller organized, he
programmed a exercise that required a total of seven,000 lb.
To be snatched overhead, whereas the masses were left up to the
athletes. And muscle-snatched the burden to a
hard-earned victory. He muscle-snatched roughly 50 of the reps before having to change to a more traditional energy snatch.
The muscle-snatch rep was a lot sooner than the traditional power-snatch
rep. The conventional approach to the Oly lifts is to use these actions to develop explosive speed
and energy. They have actually been proven effective for that purpose, and the most
effective results are discovered with shorter units.
Whereas a full snatch entails the bar ranging from the bottom,
the grasp snatch entails starting a rep with the burden somewhere between your knee and hip, says Milgram.
The barbell energy snatch detailed above is a full power snatch.
Nevertheless, if you began that motion at mid-thigh (rather
than the floor) and “caught” the weight in a quarter squat, it would be a hold
energy snatch. Find out tips on how to do basically any of the snatches exercise strikes
you’ll encounter in CrossFit, including energy snatches, squat snatches, and break up snatches with barbells, dumbbells,
and kettlebells. With the standing snatch presses completed, we’ll then have the athlete widen their ft barely
to the place the toes will slide to in the catch of the full motion.
If the lifter doesn’t maximize full use of the hips, the
lifts won’t achieve success. CrossFitters will do nicely
to develop this technique as much as is reasonable for his or
her 1RM efforts. What are the Various Snatch Variations Except Squat Snatch?
Different snatch variations embrace the power snatch,
hang snatch, and muscle snatch. Every variation emphasizes completely different elements
of the carry, similar to power, technique, or power.
Each prepare the quadriceps and glutes, but kettlebell swings also prepare the deltoids, trapezius,
and hips. The trapezius muscle is a big, diamond-shaped muscle in your back.
It begins at the base of the skull and extends across the shoulder blades and down towards
the center of your again. These muscle tissue
allow you to shrug your shoulders, move your arms, head, and neck, and stabilize
your backbone. We will actually have athletes do the complete lift on the first day.
We love the pauses as a outcome of it lets the athletes really feel
the positions and begin to turn out to be conscious of where their body must be.
The beauty of getting athletes carry out the movement the first day helps develop curiosity.
Improperly performing a snatch can result in injuries like pulled
muscular tissues and hyperextension of joints.
Improper form features a grip or foot stance
that’s too extensive or too slim, utilizing the mistaken grip, extending the physique too early, or not extending
the knees and hips collectively. “The snatch also can assist build energy, explosiveness, speed, body consciousness, and coordination,” says Rouse.
As Wickham says, “Simply think about how powerful your legs should be and how shortly you want to transfer to get a heavy barbell overhead.”
A approach that’s slower than the earlier methodology could be bringing the burden down to the hang
place (around the hip area), then bringing it to the deck.
If you aren’t going to wear lifting shoes, you’ve other options.
Chuck Taylors are a favorite of many CrossFitters, and some trail-running footwear with tougher
soles (like Salomons) also provide a great option for a exercise that
includes running and snatching. If you have a small window of
time in the gym but you want to get better at
both workout routines, prioritize the squat.
The squat trains the same muscle tissue you use in the deadlift, but through a greater range
of movement, according to Samuel.
These skeletal muscle tissue let you transfer your arms
and insulate your shoulder joint. The quadriceps muscles
are at the entrance of your thigh. Quad muscles help knee
stability, flex your hips, and are concerned with posture,
balance, and gait. Quads keep the physique stabilized and create the facility needed to hoist the barbell.
By following this information and practicing
consistently, you’ll build the strength, power, and coordination wanted to carry
out this impressive movement with confidence and precision. What is
the Benefit of The Hanging Squat Snatch Technique?
The hanging squat snatch helps enhance your pulling strength and approach from the next place.
It focuses on the explosive section of the lift and
might enhance your general snatch performance. The snatch — which can be carried out with a barbell, dumbbell, or kettlebell — involves flinging weight from
the ground all the way overhead in a single fluid
movement.
Doing unilateral actions helps promote muscle symmetry, which prevents issues corresponding to overuse injuries over
the long term. B. Squat down and position hands with a snatch grip (wide sufficient in order that, when standing with straight arms, the bar sits in hip crease).
The major function of weightlifting is to construct
muscle and strength. If you’re trying to train muscle tissue and construct
energy, mastering the snatch is a good aim. Storage Power is an expert energy coaching facility primarily based in Berks County, Pennsylvania, serving to
athletes dominate in Soccer, Wrestling, Olympic Weightlifting, and extra.
Past energy training for athletes, coach Dane Miller works with power and
conditioning coaches on periodization training and lifting technique.
This variation of the carry can be performed for 3 sets of three reps.
The movement is now beginning to seem like a full lift.
Earlier Than you pick up a weighted barbell, it’s a good
suggestion to maneuver via the motion with an empty barbell, PVC pipe,
or broomstick to good your kind. Beneath, tips on how to do
a power snatch in CrossFit, step-by-step, according to Milgram and Rouse.
Below, you may be taught the benefits of all the snatches workout strikes — plus how to do each snatch
CrossFit variation you see in all those WODs.
For beginners, moves like kettlebell swings and
leap squats are good training for a snatch.
Full snatches, however, give you extra room to accelerate the bar.
As A Result Of of that, “most folks are in a position to lift more weight with a full snatch,” says Milgram.
“In CrossFit, full snatches are often the sort of snatch programmed through the weightlifting portion of class, when the aim is to raise heavy,” he says.
Because of the place of the deal with when you punch the load towards the sky, you need to do it ~just so~ to avoid the bell crashing down onto your wrist.
It might take a little trial and error to determine the timing, in accordance with Wickham.
Do some of these high-rep exercises in weightlifting shoes and some in running shoes.
Combine it up and see the difference in platform you
get by snatching in less-than-optimal sneakers.
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